Title: Influential Factors in English Language Learning: A Review of Empirical Literature
Abstract: The complexity of learning English as a second language is widely acknowledged in educational research. This literature review aims to synthesize insights from well-known studies examining various factors impacting English language acquisition among learners globally, supported by both theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence.
Introduction: In the diverse landscape of English language learning, the quest for fluency remains fraught with challenges. Scholarly consensus converges on the multifaceted nature of these barriers and accelerants (Lightbown & Spada, 2006). We analyze seminal works that underpin how intrinsic and extrinsic motivators, age-related factors, instructional contexts, cultural immersion, cognitive styles, and socioaffective components intertwine to influence learning outcomes.
Main Body:
Motivational Factors: Motivation, both intrinsic and extrinsic, is deemed paramount; Dörnyei (2010) in his study found that learners with higher motivation exhibit more engagement and, consequently, greater proficiency. This aligns with Dörnyei’s "L2 Motivational Self System," where personal investment translates into linguistic gains.
Age and Linguistic Aptitude: The hypothesis surrounding age's role garners significant attention. Numerous studies like Krashen's Natural Approach (1982) suggest that younger learners might achieve proficiency in pronunciation and accent imitation due to enhanced neuroplasticity. Conversely, Patkowski's (1990) study on college students demonstrated adeptness in vocabulary acquisition, championing late starters' advantages.
Instructional Contexts: Research into context-embedded language acquisition supports the superiority of funds-of-knowledge theory by Moll, Amanti, Neff, and González (1992). Learners placed within immersive environments, as studied by Wong Fillmore (1979), experienced accelerated vocabulary gains compared to traditional classroom settings.
Cultural Immersion: Cultural exposure's importance is highlighted in providing cultural fluency, as emphasized by many empirical studies such as Deardorff's (2006). Learners who interact with the target culture gain insights beyond language mechanics, achieving communication proficiency as reported by Scholder-Karpfe (2016).
Cognitive Styles and Learning Strategies: Oxford's (1990) groundbreaking research on learning strategies delineates that effective strategy use predicts language learning success. Learners who self-regulate employ strategies that boost retention and comprehension