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In graphene materials, intrinsic defects are inevitably present due to the second law of thermodynamics. These defects can arise from processes such as limited-time crystal growth, irradiation with energetic particles, and chemical/physical treatment, leading to the formation of topological defects (such as pentagons and heptagons rings) and edge defects [81]. Notably, vertically aligned graphene (VG) has been found to possess abundant tapered and ultrathin edges, which can be controlled and offer advantages in a wide range of applications [82, 83]. However, the recognition and precise modulation of these defects still pose a challenge.

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