以上用英文润色，自然科学研究的口吻

以下是我为您用英文润色后，带有自然科学研究口吻的文章：

Vertical graphene (VG) nanosheets have garnered significant attention in the field of electrochemical energy applications, such as supercapacitors, electro-catalysis, and metal-ion batteries. The distinctive structures of VG, including vertically oriented morphology, exposed and extended edges, and separated few-layer graphene nanosheets, have been attributed to their superior electrode reaction kinetics and mass/electron transportation compared to other graphene-based nanostructures. Therefore, investigating the structure-activity relationship of VG and VG-based materials is crucial for enhancing device performance and expanding their applications in the energy field.

In this review, we first summarize the fabrication methods of VG structures, including solution-based and vacuum-based techniques. We then focus on structural modulations through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) to tailor defects and morphology, aiming to obtain desirable architectures. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive overview of the applications of VG and VG-based hybrids in the energy field, considering the arrangement and optimization of their structures. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of VG-based energy-related applications.

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